C194 Copper Iron Alloy

C19400 is a copper-iron alloy (Chinese equivalent grade QFe2.5-0.1), belonging to the high-copper alloy series. It is known for its high strength, good electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, and is often regarded as a high-performance copper alloy that achieves an excellent balance between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. In this alloy, iron is the primary alloying element, which enhances strength through precipitation strengthening, while phosphorus acts as a deoxidizer and improves processability.

 

 

C194 copper iron alloy is a Cu-Fe-P (copper iron phosphorus) high-performance alloy widely used in fields such as electronics, automobiles, and machinery, particularly known for its high strength, high conductivity, and high resistance to softening temperature. According to authoritative public information, its typical chemical composition is as follows:

• Copper (Cu): Surplus (usually>97%)
• Iron (Fe): 2.1% -2.6%
• Phosphorus (P): 0.015% -0.15%
• Zinc (Zn) (some grades): 0.05% -0.2%

The iron content in C194 alloy is 2.1% to 2.6%, and the phosphorus content is 0.015% to 0.15%. Through solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening mechanisms, its tensile strength can reach 450-600 MPa, and its hardness HV is 150-200, significantly higher than pure copper. This characteristic enables it to withstand high stress environments, such as mechanical loads in semiconductor chip packaging. Excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity

 

C19400 alloy has the following key physical properties:

• Density: 8.79-8.91 g/cm ³
• Conductivity: 60% -80% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard), approximately equivalent to 60% -80% of pure copper
• Thermal conductivity: 200-260 W/(m · K)
• Thermal expansion coefficient: 16.3-17.4 × 10 ⁻⁶/℃ (20-300 ℃)
• Liquid phase line temperature: 1090 ℃, solid phase line temperature: 1080 ℃
• Softening temperature: above 470 ℃, excellent high-temperature stability

• High-Intensity

C19400 alloy is strengthened by iron precipitation, with a tensile strength of 415-485MPa in the hard state and over 520MPa in some states. The yield strength is ≥ 220MPa, and the elongation rate is 8% -16%, making it suitable for high load scenarios. C194 copper strip has a better balance between strength and conductivity, and its strength can be increased to around 510MPa after cold processing.

• High conductivity
• The conductivity of C19400 alloy reaches over 60% IACS, and some states can reach 85% IACS, which is close to the level of pure copper, meeting the High-efficiency heat transfer requirements of electronic components. C194 copper strip also has excellent thermal conductivity and is suitable for heat dissipation scenarios.
• Corrosion resistance
• Stable in seawater, chloride, and industrial atmospheric environments, forming a dense oxide film on the surface, effectively resisting pitting and erosion, suitable for fields such as chemical equipment and marine engineering.
• Machinability
• Support stamping, bending, welding and other processes, with edge burrs controlled to ≤ 0.05mm, meeting the requirements of precision manufacturing. Heat treatment (such as precipitation treatment at 500 ℃ for 100 minutes) can further optimize the balance between conductivity and strength.

 

 

The final properties of C19400 can be adjusted through different heat treatment and processing conditions to suit various application requirements:

• Annealing: After soft annealing, the hardness of the alloy decreases and plasticity increases, facilitating subsequent deep drawing or complex forming. Annealing temperatures are typically between 371°C and 648°C.
• Cold Working: Processes such as cold rolling and cold drawing can significantly increase the strength and hardness of the alloy. For example, half-hard (1/2H) or hard (H) tempers of C19400 have tensile strengths significantly higher than the annealed state, making them suitable for elastic components and structural parts requiring high strength.
• Stress Relief Annealing: For cold-worked parts, low-temperature annealing between 280°C and 350°C can relieve internal stresses while largely maintaining strength, improving dimensional stability.

 

C19400 alloy can be supplied in various forms to meet different industrial needs

• Plate: Copper plates of different thickness specifications, suitable for stamping processing. Thickness 0.8-10 mm, standard size such as 1500 mm × 600 mm, supports customized cutting
• Strip: High precision copper strip, especially suitable for lead frame and connector production. Thickness 0.1-2.0 mm, width up to 405 mm, can be divided into strips according to customer requirements
• Rod: round rod, square rod, etc., used in the manufacturing of mechanical parts
• Wire/Wire: Thin diameter wire used for springs and wires
• Pipe materials: condenser tubes and other tubular products
• Forged parts and flanges: large structural components

 

 

• Annealed: Suitable for processing scenarios that require good formability and ductility.
• 1/2 Hard (1/2H): Has moderate strength and certain formability.
• 3/4 Hard (3/4H): Higher strength, moderate formability, commonly used for precision stamping parts.
• Hard state: The tensile strength can reach 415-485 MPa, suitable for applications that require high mechanical strength

 

 

• Semiconductors and Integrated Circuits:C194 alloy is the core material of lead frame, which ensures stable transmission of chip leads and reduces signal attenuation due to its high strength, high conductivity, and dimensional stability. It is widely used in high-performance chip packaging such as CPU and GPU.
• Electronic connectors and connectors:With its wear resistance and fatigue resistance, C194 alloy is used to manufacture high-frequency connectors, relay contacts, and other components, ensuring reliability in high-frequency plugging and unplugging scenarios.
• New Energy Vehicles and Power Electronics:In electric vehicles, C194 alloy is used for battery lugs, motor windings, and inverter heat sinks. Its efficient conductivity and thermal conductivity can improve energy utilization efficiency and reduce heat loss.
• Aerospace and Industrial Equipment:The high strength and corrosion resistance of this material make it suitable for extreme environments such as aircraft hydraulic systems, rocket engine components, and chemical reactors.

 

Q1: What are the main components of C194 Copper Iron Alloy?
A: The main chemical components of C194 copper alloy include copper (balance), iron (2.1-2.6%), zinc (0.05-0.2%), and phosphorus (0.015-0.15%)

 

Q2: Does the electrical conductivity of C194 Copper Iron Alloy decrease due to processing?
A: Yes, the electrical conductivity of C194 copper-iron alloy does decrease significantly due to cold working (processing). However, this loss can be substantially recovered through subsequent heat treatment (annealing).

 

Q3: What surface treatments is C194 Copper Iron Alloy suitable for?
A: C194 copper-iron alloy is suitable for several surface treatments, primarily electroplating and soldering, with documented high-quality mechanical finishing also possible.

 

Q4: How to distinguish C194 Copper Iron Alloy from other copper alloy?
A: It is easy to distinguish C194 copper iron alloy based on its composition and properties. If the material contains Fe ≥ 2% and trace amounts of P, it can be basically judged as C194 or similar iron bronze

 

Q5: What is the corrosion resistance of C194 Copper Iron Alloy?
A: C194 copper-iron alloy (Cu-Fe-P) exhibits good to excellent corrosion resistance across a variety of environments, including atmospheric, freshwater, steam, and many chemical settings. This property, combined with its high strength and good conductivity, makes it a reliable material for demanding applications like electronic components and heat exchangers

 

Q6: What parameters are required when ordering C194 Copper Iron Alloy?
A: When ordering C194 Copper Iron Alloy, providing a complete set of technical specifications is critical to ensure the material meets your manufacturing requirements. It is necessary to specify the alloy grade (such as C194), state (hard/semi-hard), dimensional tolerance and testing standard (ASTM/GB).

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